Carga de enfermedad de los adolescentes en Uruguay y su comparación con la de América Latina y el Caribe / Global burden of disease among teenagers in Uruguay and its comparison with Latin America and the Caribbean

Resumen Introducción. La adolescencia es considerada una etapa de buena salud y por tanto poco estudiada. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la evolución de la mortalidad en adolescentes en Uruguay y analizar la carga de enfermedad en esta etapa de la vida, a través de la medida de los Años de Vida Perdidos por Muerte Prematura en Uruguay y su comparación con los de América Latina y el Caribe según sexo, causa y subregión. Metodología. Se utilizaron fuentes de datos secundarias: el registro nacional de defunciones del Uruguay, el primer estudio de Carga Global de Enfermedad en Uruguay y la información presentada por la página de visualización de datos del Instituto de Métricas y Evaluación en Salud. Resultados. La mortalidad en los adolescentes se ha mantenidos aproximadamente estable entre 1997 y 2015. Loa años perdidos por muerte prematura para el Uruguay son más en los hombres y sus principales causas son los accidentes de tránsito, heridas auto infringidas y violencia. El mismo comportamiento se presenta en la región. Conclusiones. Los determinantes sociales de la salud vinculados a la pobreza e inequidad tienen un rol en el desarrollo de depresión, conductas riesgosas y violentas que posiblemente expliquen la perdida de años por muerte prematura en esta etapa de la vida.

Abstract Introduction. Adolescence is considered a healthy stage of life and therefore little studied. This study described mortality over time in teenagers in Uruguay and analysed the burden of disease at this stage of life by the measure of Years of Life Lost by Premature Death in Uruguay and by comparison with rates in Latin America and the Caribbean by sex, cause and sub-region. Methodology. Secondary data sources used were the national registry of deaths in Uruguay, the first Global Burden of Disease study in Uruguay and the information on the data visualisation page of the Institute of Metrics and Health Evaluation. Data were extracted by the authors and displayed in tables and graphs. Results. Teenager mortality held roughly stable between 1997 and 2015. More years were lost to premature death among Uruguayan men, the main causes being traffic accidents, self-inflicted injuries and violence. The same behaviour occurs throughout the region. Conclusions. The social determinants of health connected with poverty and inequality play a role in the development of depression, risky and violent behaviour, which possibly explain the loss of years due to premature death in adolescence.

Modelos de efeitos mistos para previsão da poluição do ar: Avaliação global da mortalidade atribuível à poluição do ar nas regiões metropolitanas do Brasil / Mixed effects models for predicting air pollution: Global assessment of mortality attributable to air pollution in metropolitan regions of Brazil

As maiores fontes de poluentes atmosféricos estão na queima de combustíveis oriundas de fontes estacionárias (usinas e energia elétrica) e móveis (frota de veículos automotores). Grande parte dessas fontes está concentrada nas grandes cidades, onde são esperados impactos significativos na saúde, sobretudo no que se refere às doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares. A exposição aos poluentes atmosféricos, especificamente ao material particulado, está associada a uma série de efeitos sobre a saúde, mas os efeitos sobre a mortalidade são indiscutivelmente os mais importantes e são mais favoráveis à avaliação global. Quantificar a magnitude do impacto da poluição do ar na saúde nas grandes cidades apresenta desafios consideráveis devido à disponibilidade limitada de informações. Esta tese apresenta dois estudos. O primeiro aborda aspectos metodológicos sobre previsão de concentração de material particulado em áreas urbanas onde não há redes de monitoramento da qualidade do ar. O método utilizado foi o modelo linear de efeitos mistos para previsão das médias anuais de material particulado inaliável com diâmetro ≤ 10µm (PM10) no período de 2001 a 2014 nas áreas metropolitanas do Brasil. A metodologia baseou-se no modelo proposto por Cohen et al. (2004), desenvolvido pelo Banco Mundial, para estimar as concentrações de PM10 em função de características econômicas, meteorológicas, demográficas e outras das regiões metropolitanas. O resultado mostrou que apenas umidade relativa do ar, produto interno bruto per capita do setor serviços, altitude média e focos de queimadas foram associados aos níveis de concentração de PM10. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi estimar a carga de mortalidade no conjunto das regiões metropolitanas, a partir do modelo de efeitos mistos aplicado a dois grupos de doenças e faixas etárias específicas: doenças cardiovasculares em adultos 30 anos ou mais e doenças respiratórias em crianças menores de um ano e de um a cinco anos. Foram estimados o número de mortes atribuíveis e os anos de vida perdidos (Years of Life Lost - YLL) para adultos usando estimativas de risco de um estudo de coorte da Associação Americana de Câncer. E com relação às faixas etárias de um ano e de um a cinco anos, as estimativas de risco consideradas foram extraídas do estudo meta-analítico do projeto - Estudo de Saúde e Poluição Atmosférica na América Latina

The largest sources of the air pollutants are the burning of fuels from stationary sources (power plants and electric power) and mobile sources (fleet of motor vehicles). Most of these sources is concentrated in the large cities, where significant health impacts are expected, principally in relation to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Exposure to air pollutants, especially particulate matter, is associated with several health effects, but the effects on the mortality are undoubtedly the most important and are more favorable overall assessment. Quantifying the magnitude of the impact air pollution on healthy in large cities presents considerable challenges due to limited availability of information. This thesis presents two studies. The first deals with methodological aspects on the prediction of concentration of particulate matter in urban areas where there aren't air quality monitoring networks. The method used was the Linear Mixed-Effects Models for prediction of annual averages of inhalable particulate matter with diameter ≤ 10µm (PM10) in the period from 2001 to 2014 in the metropolitan areas of Brazil. The methodology was based on the model proposed by Cohen et al. (2004), developed by the World Bank, to estimate PM10 concentrations in terms of economic, meteorological, demographic and other characteristics of metropolitan regions. The results showed that only the relative air humidity, GDP per capita of the services sector, average altitude and fires were associated with PM10 concentration levels. The objective of the second study was to estimate the mortality burden in the metropolitan regions as whole, using mixed-effects models applied to two specific disease groups and age groups: Cardiovascular diseases in adults with 30 years or older and respiratory diseases in children under one year and from one to five years. We estimated the number of attributable deaths and Years of Life Lost (YLL) for adults using risk estimates from an American Cancer Society cohort study. And regarding the one-year and one-to-five-year age groups, the risk estimates considered were taken from meta-analytical study of the project - Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA Study)

Burden of ischemic heart disease mortality attributable to physical inactivity in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze if the burden of ischemic heart disease mortality trend attributed to physical inactivity in Brazil differs from the global estimates. METHODS Databases from the Global Burden of Disease Study for Brazil, Brazilian states, and global information were used. We estimated the summary exposure value for physical inactivity, the total number of deaths, and the age-standardized death rates for ischemic heart disease attributed to physical inactivity in the years 1990 and 2015, and the population-attributable fraction. Data were presented according to sex. RESULTS The Brazilian population was found to have a risk of exposure to physical inactivity varying between 70.4% for men and 75.7% for women in the year of 1990. This risk of exposure was similar in 2015. In men, the mortality rate from ischemic heart disease attributed to physical inactivity decreased in 2015 by approximately 24% around the world and 45% in Brazil. For women, this decrease was in 31% around the world and 45% in Brazil. The states of Southern and Southeastern Brazil presented lower mortality rates due to ischemic heart disease attributed to physical inactivity. If physical inactivity were eliminated in Brazil, mortality from ischemic heart disease would be reduced by 15.8% for men and 15.2% for women. CONCLUSIONS Over 25 years, the risk of exposure to physical inactivity in Brazil did not change and was high compared to global estimates. The decrease in ischemic heart disease mortality results from the improvement of health services in Brazil and the control of other risk factors. Approximately 15% of deaths from ischemic heart disease in Brazil could be avoided if people met the recommendations for physical activity.

Mortalidade por cirrose, câncer hepático e transtornos devidos ao uso de álcool: Carga Global de Doenças no Brasil, 1990 e 2015 / Mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and disorders attributed to alcohol use: Global Burden of Disease in Brazil, 1990 and 2015

RESUMO: Introdução: O uso de álcool é um dos principais fatores de risco preveníveis para mortalidade ou incapacidade prematuras. Objetivo: Descrever as estimativas de mortalidade e anos de vida perdidos por morte prematura (YLL) por cirrose, câncer hepático e transtornos devidos ao uso de álcool no Brasil e suas unidades da federação (UFs), em 1990 e 2015. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com dados do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças (2015) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Modelos estatísticos foram empregados para obter estimativas corrigidas de mortalidade pelas causas selecionadas. As taxas de mortalidade foram padronizadas por idade (TMPI). Resultados: Em 1990, foram estimados 16.226 óbitos para as 3 condições (17,0/100 mil habitantes), enquanto em 2015 foram 28.337 (15,7/100 mil habitantes). Houve redução da mortalidade (por 100 mil habitantes) por cirrose (de 11,4 para 9,5) e estabilidade por câncer hepático (1,5 e 1,9) e transtornos devidos ao uso de álcool (4,1 e 4,3). As TMPI foram 5,1 vezes maiores entre os homens, e as 5 UFs com maiores TMPI e YLL foram da Região Nordeste: Sergipe, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba e Alagoas. As taxas de mortalidade e de YLL pelas três condições estudadas ascenderam no ranking das causas de óbito, em ambos os sexos, exceto a cirrose no feminino. Conclusão: As três condições estudadas são responsáveis por importante carga de mortalidade prematura no Brasil, principalmente entre homens e residentes na região nordeste. Esses resultados reforçam a necessidade de políticas públicas para o enfrentamento ao consumo nocivo do álcool no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Alcohol use is one of the main preventable risk factors affecting mortality and premature disability. Objective: To describe the estimates of mortality and years of life lost as a result of premature death (YLL) due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and disorders attributed to alcohol use in Brazil and its federated units in 1990 and 2015. Methods: Descriptive study using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (2015) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). Statistical models were used to obtain corrected mortality estimates for selected causes. Rates were standardized by age. Results: In 1990, 16,226 deaths were estimated for the three conditions (17.0/100 thousand inhabitants), while in 2015 there were 28,337 deaths (15.7/100 thousand inhabitants). There was a reduction in mortality (per 100 thousand) due to cirrhosis (from 11.4 to 9.5), stability in mortality rates related to liver cancer (1.5 and 1.9), and stability in mortality rates caused by alcohol use disorders (4.1 and 4.3). Mortality rates were 5.1 times higher among men, and the five states with the highest mortality rates and YLL were from the Northeast Region: Sergipe, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, and Alagoas. Mortality and YLL rates for the three conditions studied increased in the ranking of causes of death in both sexes, with the exception of cirrhosis in the female population. Conclusion: The three conditions studied are responsible for a significant burden of premature mortality in Brazil, especially among men and residents of the northeast region. These results reinforce the urgent need for public policies that address harmful alcohol consumption in Brazil.